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So much of fire protection revolves around getting water to the right places at the right volume and pressure. Fire sprinklers, standpipes, hose stations, fire pumps, FDCs, and fire hydrants are all dedicated to this purpose.

A timed washing machine valve has an automatic timer that shuts off the water flow to your washing machine hoses. It prevents flooding.

If a building has a standpipe system—a network of pipes that provides water to firefighting hoses inside a structure—or an automatic fire sprinkler system, it likely has an FDC. Exceptions in sprinklered buildings include single-story structures of 2,000 square feet or less, those in very remote areas, and structures served by a high-capacity deluge system.

A hydrant mounted on the outside wall of a building, fed from interior piping, and equipped with control valves located inside the building that are normally key-operated from the building’s exterior.

A fire official determines that the 3,000-gallon demand can be broken up so that each hydrant flows 1,500 GPM based on a maximum of two of the four hydrants being used at any given time for firefighting.

While fire department connections (FDC) and wall hydrants often look similar, featuring capped hose connections mounted in walls, they have major differences. The biggest distinction is that pressurized water comes out of a wall hydrant, and pressurized water goes into an FDC.

Wall hydrants are also somewhat similar to and different from the hose connections in standpipe systems (where firefighters hook up their hoses to the standpipes to fight a fire).

(2) The presence of water or ice in the barrel, which could indicate a faulty drain, a leaky hydrant valve, or a high groundwater table

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Wall hydrants fall into this category. Most standard private hydrants—sometimes called “yard hydrants”—are part of private underground fire service mains, as described in NFPA 24.

If you require fire hydrant equipment, QRFS has caps, hydrant and hose wrenches, PIV wrenches, and all the pitot gauges, nozzles, and other equipment needed for flow tests. For FDCs, QRFS has a full range of FDC bodies, snoots, swivels, caps, and more.

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NFPA 25 briefly mentions an ITM schedule for wall hydrants. Section 7.2.2.4 states that annually and after each use, these fixtures should be inspected for the following problems:

3. Standards or AHJs call for extra private hydrants when nearby public fire hydrants aren’t sufficient for the structure’s fire protection needs.

Like most elements of water-based fire protection systems, the complete ITM tasks and schedule for fire department connections are detailed in NFPA 25: Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection (currently in the 2023 edition).

A.7.2.3 Where wall hydrants are used, the AHJ should be consulted regarding the necessary water supply and arrangement of control valves at the point of supply in each individual case.

While a wall hydrant might be used to charge hoses like the hose connections in standpipes, standpipe outlets aren’t intended to supply a fire engine. Rather, the fire engine supplies and/or supplements a building’s water supply through the standpipe.

A wall hydrant is basically like other fire hydrants but built into a wall instead of freestanding. It is used as a water source for firefighting efforts.

It’s easy enough to understand what a wall hydrant is, but when and why designers use them is more complicated. Wall hydrants are sometimes allowed when a private fire hydrant is needed and can be helpful because they don’t rely on underground water mains.

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The specific installation rules for FDCs are found in NFPA 13: Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems (currently in its 2022 edition) and NFPA 14: Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems (2024 edition).

If you require fire hydrant equipment, QRFS has caps, hydrant and hose wrenches, PIV wrenches, and all the pitot gauges, nozzles, and other equipment for flow tests. If you need new FDCs or parts to maintain existing ones, QRFS has you covered with caps and plugs, swivels, FDC bodies, and identification plates.

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What makes wall hydrants special is that they are supplied by above-ground indoor water lines—often serving sprinkler or standpipe systems—instead of underground mains. This arrangement makes designing sprinkler or standpipe systems a bit more complicated, as the flow and pressure calculations must account for the flow rate that will come out of the wall hydrant. NFPA 13, for example, includes the concept of a hose allowance in its design calculations.

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Three hydrants could be located out in the yard and fed by an underground private service main, whereas the fourth might be a wall hydrant on the back wall of the building. This placement allows it to be fed by the conveniently available above-ground pipe.

The FDC is the fire department’s access point for pumping water into these systems, either as the main supply or to provide supplemental pressure.

Contact us at 888.361.6662 or support@qrfs.com with questions or for help ordering an item—we’re here to make fire protection simpler and easier!

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NFPA 24: Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Services Mains and their Appurtenances (2022 edition) mentions that “wall hydrants shall be permitted when approved” (7.2.3) by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ). Different standards sometimes offer wall hydrants as one option where an extra hydrant is needed.

2. These extra hydrants are private fire hydrants, which means that they are owned and maintained by the property owner, not the fire service or water purveyor/municipality.

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All the specific rules on this topic are beyond the scope of this article, but NFPA 1: Fire Code (2024 edition) mentions multiple cases where extra hydrants are needed. For example, a large warehouse might need additional hydrants to save firefighters from laying hoses over excessive distances (NFPA 1: 34.6.3.2).

Wall hydrants are opposite in function to FDCs, even when they look nearly identical. While water goes into an FDC, water comes out of a wall hydrant.

Let’s say the applicable code calls for a building to be served by hydrants providing 3,000 gallons of water a minute due to its size and construction type. And based on the geometry of the lot and other factors, four hydrants are needed.

A wall hydrant performs the same function as any other fire hydrant: supplying pressurized water for hoses and fire department pumpers. However, instead of being built into the ground like other hydrants, wall hydrants are, well, on walls:

Each pressure relief valve shall be an approved automatic type with drain, and each such relief valve shall be set at a pressure of not more than 150 psi (1034 ...

Here’s our more detailed guide to this distinct but sometimes confused equipment, including their functions, significant components, relevant NFPA standards, and maintenance requirements:

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Despite this added complexity, wall hydrants supplied by indoor lines provide convenience. In places where an underground water main isn’t planned or feasible—but a hydrant is needed—a wall hydrant is a good solution.

In short, wall hydrants are useful fire protection tools, but they aren’t standard equipment—they are used on a case-by-case basis to meet specific needs. Their design is even highly situational; NFPA standards don’t require specific water flow rates for wall hydrants. Aside from noting a minimum pipe size in the diagram we reproduced above, NFPA 24 only states:

Wall hydrants are less common fire protection equipment, yet they offer a convenient way to add hydrants served by above-ground system pipes rather than underground feeds.

An FDC, on the other hand, is a way for firefighters to supply water to a building’s sprinkler or standpipe system from a hose connected to a fire engine pump (usually supplied by a nearby hydrant).

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The additional flow and pressure from the pump can augment or entirely supply the pressurized water used by standpipes and fire sprinkler systems. For more info, check out this explanation of when FDCs provide the water supply or supplemental pressure.

Excellent article. Will note wall hydrants might be located on high rise building supplied by large tank(s) usually in basement and pressurized by fire pump. Although designed for that building, where underground hydrant lines are compromised, undersized, post earthquake, pulling water from the wall hydrant to supply water to fire on nearby building is possible. Check SOPs as this compromises tank building flow volumes.

And while they may look very similar to FDCs, never forget these devices’ extremely different functions: FDCs are for putting water into a standpipe or sprinkler system, while wall hydrants dispense water out to firefighters.