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Water hammer arrestors operate similarly to air chambers. However, instead of a vertical pipe that absorbs pressure, water hammer arrestors use a mixture of springs and air bladders to absorb water movement and reduce shock waves downstream of quick closing valves. Whilst more expensive, water arrestors don't require any ongoing maintenance (unlike air chambers), so are an effective long-term solution to water hammer.

Air-relief valves, placed at high points throughout a pipework system, allow entrapped air to escape. In scenarios where a system is spread across a large flat area, air-relief valves should be placed early in the system, middle of the system, around pumps and downstream.

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Water is a phenomenon that can occur in any piping system where valves are used to control the flow of media. When valves close or an acting pump stops suddenly, the momentum of the water can create a pressure wave. This wave rebounds from the closed port, travelling back up the pipe. This phenomenon is exacerbated when the frequency of the transient pulse resonates with the pipework or from standing waves already present in the system, which can build to the extend where severe damage can be caused.

Red Dragon Limited T/AMeasure Monitor ControlUnit 15 Abergorki IndustrialEstateYnyswen RoadTreorchySouth WalesCF42 6DLUnited KingdomEORI: GB791056521000

Alternatively, air-relief valves can be used to allow entrapped air to escape. These valves are placed at high points within the system.

Another common cause of water hammer is fast-acting valves. Fact-acting valves, such as electronically operated solenoid valves, stop water instantaneously , resulting in water shock waves reverberating back up the pipework.

Red Dragon Limited T/AMeasure Monitor ControlUnit 15 Abergorki IndustrialEstateYnyswen RoadTreorchySouth WalesCF42 6DLUnited KingdomEORI: GB791056521000

Water hammer can commonly be caused by trapped air inside the system. Air can find its way into your pipework system if empty pipework is filled too quickly. To minimise the risk of air accumulating with the system, ensure pipework is filled slowly to allow air to escape.

Gate valves for Water Works here are in accordance with American Water Works Association (AWWA) C509/C515 and with British BS5163 standards.  The Model 2010/2510 and 2010-PIV Non-rising Stem (NRS) and 2030/2530 Outside Screw and Yoke (OS&Y) gate valves adhere to AWWA C515 and are in conformity with the highest standards of the third party certification organizations Underwriters Laboratories (UL Listed) and Factory Mutual Global (FM Approved).  The Model M2017FF metric gate valve is in accordance with British Standard BS5163 and is certified by the Water Regulations Advisory Scheme (WRAS) of the United Kingdom for compliance with the Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations and Scottish Water Byelaws.

Air chambers are also an effective solution to water hammer. These systems consist of a short segment of pipe with an empty/air filled chamber that cushions shock waves. This reduces the size of the shock waves downstream of the valve. It's worth noting, however, that these air chambers need to be drained of water every few months, to ensure their continued effective operation.

Check that all pipes are suitably secured to their surroundings using strong and sturdy fixings. Pipe straps can be added to provide additional support, though careful consideration should be taken when choosing their material. Some metals can chemically react with one another and corrode, leading to poor fitment down the line. Some others, if heat is involved, may expand at different rates, resulting in poor fitment.

Water hammer can result from ripples inside an open water tank where a ball/float valve is used to control the inflow/outflow of water. As water flows into the sealed tank, the valve float can rock up and down, which opens and closes the valve. This movement can create a pressure wave which resonates through the pipework, creating the hammer sound. As plastic tanks flex considerably more, metal plates can be utilized to add rigidity to their structure to weaken this effect.

Gate valves for Water Works here are in accordance with American Water Works Association (AWWA) C509/C515 and with British BS5163 standards.  The Model 2010/2510 and 2010-PIV Non-rising Stem (NRS) and 2030/2530 Outside Screw and Yoke (OS&Y) gate valves adhere to AWWA C515 and are in conformity with the highest standards of the third party certification organizations Underwriters Laboratories (UL Listed) and Factory Mutual Global (FM Approved).  The Model M2017FF metric gate valve is in accordance with British Standard BS5163 and is certified by the Water Regulations Advisory Scheme (WRAS) of the United Kingdom for compliance with the Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations and Scottish Water Byelaws.

Whilst it may look and sound harmless, ignoring water hammer can ultimately result in severe damage to your pipework system. The long-term effects of water hammer might present themselves in the following ways:

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Many of us have experienced banging pipes when a tap is turned off. In fact, that's likely why you're reading this guide right now! Water hammer has a number of potential causes, all of which have been detailed below.

If pipes are not secured correctly, or perhaps have become unsecured completely, shock waves within the pipework are likely to be exacerbated by the physical banging of the pipe itself. Pipes should be fixed securely to sturdy materials, to ensure their rigidity for years to come. Make sure to check under floorboards and in cupboards. Thought these pipes may be out of sight, they still require attention!

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Stop valves, commonly referred to as stopcocks, can cause water hammer if their gland packing is lose and/or they have worn washers. Stop valves will almost always be open at the time of water hammer, meaning it's shock waves have the ability to knock the valve handle and valve jumper.