In pilot-operated pressure reducing valves, a pilot valve is used to load a piston or diaphragm that increases the downward force used to open a larger main valve. This enables larger flow capacity with a lower pressure offset (droop). The opening and closing of the pilot valve is controlled by the balance of force between the adjustment spring and the secondary pressure in the same manner that a direct-acting valve operates. However, in a pilot-operated PRV, this opening and closing of the pilot valve purposely delivers pressure to the main valve piston or diaphragm. This pilot flow pressure then causes a downward force that is amplified by the area of the piston or diaphragm to enable opening of a much larger main valve, which in turn provides the ability for very high flow rates.

Fig. 3 Delivered steam pressure is regulated in a similar manner as direct acting PRVs, however indirectly via a pilot valve. As the pilot valve is actuated, it provides the opening flow to the larger main valve which can supply significantly higher flow rates than the pilot itself. The pilot valve is then equalized by the secondary pressure, which correspondingly controls the opening flow to the main valve.

Teniuk said the 13 impaired driving charges were laid after officers detected evidence of marijuana use in the vehicles.

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From the above characteristics, it can be seen that the function and applications of non-piloted direct acting PRVs differ substantially from those of pilot-operated PRVs.

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Because the downward force is amplified through the use of a piston or diaphragm, a small change in the opening on the pilot valve can result in a large change in flow and downstream pressure through the main valve. As a result, there is little change needed in adjustment spring force on the pilot to accomplish quick response over a wide range of steam flow rates. Quick response and tight delivered pressure control represent the main advantages of this type of valve over the direct-acting type.

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A common way of lowering pressure is by throttling down the size of the steam passageway. For the most basic pressure reduction, it is possible to simply use a conventional globe valve in a fixed partly-open position, or by inserting an orifice plate into the flow of steam. However, any fluctuation in flow rate would be accompanied by a corresponding fluctuation in pressure. To avoid such circumstances, pressure reducing valves (PRVs) can be used to provide precise control of downstream pressure. They automatically adjust the amount of valve opening to allow the pressure to remain unchanged even when the flow rate fluctuates.

“It’s very disturbing. The drivers arrested for impaired driving were all under 30. The younger generation needs to understand that it’s illegal to smoke marijuana and drive, just as it’s illegal to drink alcohol and drive.

Teniuk said the September 1 traffic checkstop on Highway 16 was a major undertaking.  There were over 50 police officers from across the province taking part in the operation, including the RCMP, Saskatoon Police Service, Corman Park Police, and other municipal police services.

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Calculate and display steam property values using pressure-based saturated steam tables, temperature-based saturated steam tables, and heating steam tables.

Fig. 2 Delivered steam pressure is regulated by balancing forces acting directly on the valve itself: the downward force caused by compression of the adjustment spring against the upward force from the secondary pressure acting against the underside of a bellows or diaphragm.

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But what was most concerning, according to Warman RCMP Staff Sergeant Jason Teniuk, is that all the impaired driving charges were for impairment by drugs, specifically cannabis.

A major traffic checkstop on Friday, September 1 at the Highway 16 weigh scale northwest of Saskatoon resulted in 13 impaired driving charges.

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In a steam-using plant, steam is often generated at high pressures and reduced locally to provide heat for each steam user. This is usually done to minimize the diameter of steam distribution piping and enable more cost-efficient steam delivery.

In pressure reducing valves, the mechanism that automatically adjusts the downstream pressure typically uses the balance of forces between the steam pressure and an adjustment spring. At present, this is a universal concept on almost all manufactured pressure reducing valves. However, there are two different ways in which this mechanism is implemented to control the amount of valve opening:

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While it is possible to maintain a constant pressure by using the combination of an actuated control valve, a pressure sensor, and a controller, a pressure reducing valve offers the advantage of being able to control pressure through fully-automatic self-contained operation, requiring no type of external power source. It can offer the further advantage of extremely rapid response action by immediately sensing and adjusting based on the downstream pressure.

Teniuk said the RCMP and other police agencies are targeting drug-impaired driving offenses during patrols and checkstops. He noted that Saskatchewan has always had a serious problem with alcohol-impaired drivers, but marijuana-impaired drivers are becoming much more frequent.

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“The laws are exactly the same. You can purchase marijuana legally, just as you can buy alcohol legally. But you can’t consume it in your vehicle.”

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“Drivers who get behind the wheel after smoking marijuana (cannabis) is a growing trend,” said Teniuk in a report to the Warman City Council committee of the whole meeting on Monday, September 18. “Every single one of those picked up for impaired driving was for marijuana; every single one.

In direct acting pressure reducing valves, the amount of valve opening is determined directly by the movement of the adjustment spring. If the spring is compressed, it creates an opening force on the valve which increases flow. As pressure builds downstream, equalizing occurs by feeding the downstream pressure to the underside of the adjustment spring (usually against a bellows or diaphragm) where its upward force counter-balances against the spring compression. Spring compressive force which opens the valve is limited to allow sufficient spring sensitivity to equalize with downstream pressure changes. The net result is simple pressure control through a valve orifice where high flow rates can cause pressure droop.

He said the checkstop was held between 1:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m.; with over 1,700 vehicles pulled over during that period.