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Designers and contractors working on commercial sprinkler systems must follow standards written by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Three NFPA standards govern sprinkler system installation:

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In NFPA-compliant sprinkler systems, these valves must be listed and must visually indicate whether they’re open or closed. As such, two types of control valves are commonly found with fire sprinkler risers:

Joseph — We aren’t sure off the top of our heads of the definitive answer to your questions (particularly the “simulate a hydrant” aspect; you may mean simulate a standpipe’s hose connection)— however, there are some fire sprinkler systems that have hose valves connected to the sprinkler system with no standpipe system. They may have onsite hose stations for access to water in areas that need them, and NFPA 13 has rules about how and where they can be installed. These setups are very uncommon but exist.

Installers combine risers with other required components to form riser assemblies (also called riser manifolds). The exact configuration varies, but nearly all of these fire sprinkler riser assemblies have:

Not all home fire sprinkler systems feature flow-sensing equipment—so, not all NFPA 13D risers feature test connections. When installed, these devices must have an orifice with the same characteristics and orifice size specified in NFPA 13 and 13R. However, the requirement for the connection to be at least 1” in diameter doesn’t apply.

If you’re looking to replace or improve on your sprinkler system riser, take a look at our riser kits and components, including:

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Notably, the gauges required for exposure protection systems must be listed, while all other gauges in this list need only be approved by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ).

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As a fire sprinkler discharges, water flows out of the pipe, or branch line, it’s connected to. When that happens, water moves through the system riser to refill the branch line. These changes in flow and pressure are monitored at the riser by electronic devices called water flow switches. Discharge from even the smallest sprinkler will cause the device to send a signal to a fire alarm control panel—or sound an alarm directly—to let the building’s staff and/or occupants know that the sprinkler system has activated.

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Large residential (NFPA 13R) systems require a drainpipe at least 1” in diameter, along with a drain valve (typically of the same size). Home fire sprinkler (NFPA 13D) systems require a drain valve of 1/2” diameter or larger. Neither standard specifies that drains be located at the fire riser—only that they are placed on the system side (downstream) of the control valve.

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We’ve taken a look at the NFPA’s requirements for water-flow detectors in commercial, residential, and home fire sprinkler systems before. Three facts are especially salient when choosing these devices for fire risers:

In NFPA 13 systems, each water source (excluding water from the fire department connection) needs a listed indicating valve. In effect, this means that each commercial fire riser assembly has a control valve. But residential fire sprinkler systems work a little differently: many have a single control valve serving both sprinklers and domestic plumbing. Still, a separate valve may be featured at the riser if the valve is locked open, connected to a fire alarm system, or (in NFPA 13R systems) sounds “an audible signal at a constantly attended location” (section 6.8.2, 2016 edition).

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Each sprinkler system features electronic or mechanical devices designed to activate when water flows through the system. An alarm test connection—also known as an inspector’s test connection—provides a means to test those devices.

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Commercial (NFPA 13) systems may be drained at a series of auxiliary drains. But when properly placed and sized, a main drain can reduce the downtime required for inspection or repair. NFPA 13 prescribes the following minimum sizes for drains on supply risers and mains:

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All fire sprinkler systems feature a valve or valves designed to drain the system. In NFPA-compliant commercial and residential systems, these drains are often located at risers, where they can serve as a “main drain” for all connected piping. This drain often consists simply of a ball valve joined by pipes to the riser and a suitable discharge location. Listings aren’t required for these valves—but they must be approved by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ).

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NFPA 13 requires pressure gauges at the system main drain, main drains for floor control valves, and on both sides of a pressure-reducing valve (section 16.13.1, 2019 edition). Each gauge must have a thread connection of at least 1/4” in diameter. But gauges are also required at additional locations in the riser assemblies of wet, dry, preaction, deluge, and exposure protection sprinkler systems:

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There are few inessential parts in a fire sprinkler system: a single broken sprinkler head, pipe, valve, or pipe hanger can have deadly implications for a building’s occupants. Still, there may be nowhere in a sprinkler system with so many necessary components per linear foot as at the fire sprinkler riser. In systems both large and small, fire riser assemblies prevent pressure from escaping the system, make repairs easier, and control the flow of water to sprinkler heads.

Alarm test connections may be combined with drain valves, including the main drain. There are no special requirements for these combination test and drain valves: they need only be selected and installed in accordance with the NFPA’s provisions for test connections and drain valves. By combining the two, installers can reduce the riser’s size, the cost of materials, and the time required for installation.

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As such, they’re typically housed in a dedicated space where they can be quickly accessed by fire protection contractors, firefighters, and a building’s staff.

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Control valves start and stop the flow of water through fire sprinkler systems. When the sprinkler system is in service—as it should almost always be—these devices remain open. But when repairs or inspections require removing water from the system, the control valve closes to prevent new water from entering pipes downstream.

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Kesavan — higher temperatures can increase pressure in closed pipe networks—though it shouldn’t exceed system design tolerances. You should have a local fire protection pro assess whether this is an issue (and whether there is an additional solution). Thanks for reading!

In part one of our look at fire risers, we talk about essential components found in NFPA 13, 13D, and 13R risers. We explain which components you’re likely to find at the riser and how fire code requirements for residential and commercial assemblies vary.

When it comes to risers, there’s plenty to consider. Setting aside the requirements of NFPA 13, 13R, and 13D—which we’ve only scratched the surface of—there’s the matter of choosing a riser configuration that’s not only code-compliant, but also cost-effective. That’s an issue we’ll tackle in part two of this series, where we dissect common riser assemblies in wet-pipe, dry-pipe, preaction, and deluge systems, and explore the benefits of pre-assembled riser kits.

If you’ve stumbled across this page while looking for riser components, feel free to browse our selection of pre-assembled commercial and residential riser kits, as well as our gauges, valves, and electronic switches for riser assemblies.

Pressure gauges are somewhat less common at sprinkler risers in larger residential fire sprinkler systems: NFPA 13R requires only that gauges with shutoff valves be installed to measure both system pressure and supply pressure. And in smaller home fire sprinkler systems, gauges are only required with dry-pipe systems—and the only gauge that may be part of a riser assembly measures system air pressure.

These test connections are seen on fire sprinkler risers only in wet-pipe systems. Dry-pipe and preaction systems use a different type of test connection—called a trip test connection—located as far away from the riser as practicable. And deluge systems don’t require test connections at all. But in NFPA 13 and NFPA 13R wet-pipe systems, the alarm test connection must be at least 1” in diameter and can be placed anywhere downstream of the flow-sensing device it tests. It must also end in a smooth, corrosion-resistant orifice that flows water as slowly as the smallest sprinkler in the system.

All three of these standards establish rules for risers, defined in NFPA 13 as “[t]he vertical supply pipes in a sprinkler system” (3.3.181, 2019 edition). Fire sprinkler risers are, in a sense, where the plumbing outside a building ends and a fire sprinkler system begins. Each riser taps into a permanent source of water, such as a pipe connected to the city water system, a water tank, or reservoir. Then, it conveys that water to the network of pipes running to fire sprinkler heads.

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