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Select a piece of coarse or medium porosity filter paper that fits flat on the perforated floor of the funnel so that all of the holes are covered.

Gravity filtration usually utilizes the long stem funnel with normal quarter-folded 11 cm diameter filter paper (Figure PAGENUM), when the filtration is done at room temperature or below. It is convenient to support the filter funnel by a utility clamp.

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The vacuum is provided by an aspirator on the water faucet. The trap is used to prevent water from backing up from the faucet to contaminate the filtrate. The pinch clamp provides a convenient valve to produce or break vacuum in the system.

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Vacuum filtration of crystalline precipitates has the advantage of increased speed over gravity filtration because of the greater pressure differential between the top surface of the liquid and the bottom side of the filter paper or glass frit provided by the vacuum. In this course you will do vacuum filtrations with Büchner funnels equipped with filter paper when less than 100 percent recovery of precipitate is required and with glass-fritted crucibles when 100 percent recovery of precipitate is required. A typical vacuum filtration set-up is shown in Figure PAGENUM.

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Optimum filtration performance is achieved by the appropriate selection of filter paper porosity, by proper folding and positioning of the filter paper, and by following a few simple technique guidelines described below:

Filtration is commonly used in research and chemical manufacturing to separate solids from liquids. You will employ two filtration techniques (gravity filtration and vacuum filtration) from time to time in this course.

To wash the crystals break vacuum by removing the pinch clamp. Add wash liquid to just cover the crystals and carefully break up clumps of crystals with a spatula without perforating the filter paper.