By using in-home water filters or drinking purified bottled water, drinking water undergoes another level of purification that can remove metals, chemicals and other contaminants, depending on the type of purification system used.

If you question the quality of your tap water, you can test the water by purchasing a home test kit or contacting a water testing agency in your area.

What’s more, like some other purification methods, distilled water effectively removes chlorine from drinking water, which can improve the taste of water while decreasing your exposure to chlorine.

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Purified, distilled, and tap water can all offer different health benefits and potential downfalls. Here’s what you should know about the differences between these types of water.

For example, drinking water that’s low in calcium and magnesium has been associated with an increased risk of fracture, preterm birth and heart disease (17, 18).

Summary: Water purification removes contaminants that may remain in drinking water and improves water quality and taste.

Remember that water quality can vary depending on where you live. This should be the determining factor when choosing to drink purified water or tap water.

This process is very effective at removing contaminants like bacteria, viruses, protozoa like giardia and chemicals like lead and sulfate (14).

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However, standards for drinking water around the world vary and are typically based on governmental regulations or international standards.

For instance, the heavy metals lead and copper are extremely toxic to health. They can cause stomach distress and lead to brain damage when ingested over time (6, 7).

Although this practice has led to decreased tooth decay in children, especially in at-risk areas, some argue that fluoridated water is not worth the potential health risks associated with its use.

While most sources of public drinking water are closely regulated and safe to drink, many prefer to drink purified water.

For example, those with HIV/AIDS and certain cancers are at an increased risk of becoming sick from impurities in food and water and may benefit from drinking distilled water (15).

Summary: Water purification may not remove all contaminants from drinking water, and certain purification systems can be costly and involve upkeep. Certain purification methods remove fluoride, a mineral added to drinking water to improve dental health.

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Although measures are taken to ensure that public drinking water is safe for consumption, it can contain trace amounts of contaminants that could negatively impact health.

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For example, fluoride is a mineral that is added to public drinking water supplies in some countries to improve dental health and reduce dental decay (11).

Like other methods of purification, distillation removes fluoride from drinking water, which may put those who choose to drink distilled water at an increased risk of cavities.

Point-of-use (POU) treatment systems purify only the water that is used for consumption (drinking and cooking). Point-of-entry (PUE) treatment systems typically treat all of the water entering a home (20).

That being said, in countries where public drinking water is regulated for quality and safety, drinking tap water is relatively safe.

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Though water is not typically thought of as a source of minerals, any factor that leads to a decreased intake of essential micronutrients could negatively impact your health.

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Levels of pesticides and other chemicals in public water sources like tap water will depend on your geographic location and the agencies that regulate drinking water safety in your country.

Along with unwanted impurities, beneficial minerals like calcium and magnesium are also left behind as the steam rises during the distillation process.

Many types of purification systems are available, including charcoal and UV filters, which remove impurities that may survive the initial, large-scale purification process that most tap water goes through.

However, experts argue that the level of fluoride found in drinking water is safe and beneficial in reducing tooth decay, especially in children who are only exposed to fluoride through drinking water (13).

Home water purification systems must be maintained properly. As a result, it’s important to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for upkeep, including filter replacement, to ensure that your water is being properly purified.

For example, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets legal limits that are considered safe for consumers for over 90 contaminants in drinking water (4).

Several studies have linked chlorinated water to an increased risk of certain cancers, including colorectal cancer (9, 10).

Summary: Purified water is water that has been processed to remove contaminants like dirt and chemicals. In many countries, tap water is purified to make it safe for human consumption.

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However, it’s important to note that tap water is not a major source of mineral intake for most people, and drinking distilled water should be relatively safe as long as a well-balanced diet is followed.

Most public sources of drinking water are regulated for safety, but some people choose to use home water purifiers to further improve water quality.

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Water purification systems like charcoal filters remove chlorine, a common chemical added to the public water supply as a disinfectant.

The distillation process is very effective at removing potentially harmful contaminants, but it also removes the natural minerals and electrolytes found in water.

Every cell in your body needs water to function properly, which is why you must continuously hydrate throughout the day.

For this reason, it may be a good idea to invest in an in-home water purification system, especially those who are immunocompromised and more susceptible to becoming ill from contaminated water.

These heavy metals have been known to leach into drinking water, even in countries where public water sources are closely regulated (8).

Another benefit of water purification is that it removes unpleasant tastes associated with chemical treatments, organic matter or metal plumbing, leaving you with fresh, pure-tasting drinking water.

In countries where water contamination is an issue, especially in developing countries with lack of proper sanitation, choosing bottled or purified water is always the safest option.

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Distilled water is essentially free of contaminants like pesticides and bacteria, which could be especially helpful to those with weakened immune systems.

In most cases, public drinking water sources like tap water are safe due to the strict contaminant limits set by regulatory agencies.

Research on the safety and efficacy of fluoridated water is ongoing, but those who drink purified water should be aware that some purification systems remove fluoride from drinking water.

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However, the Safe Water Drinking Act gives individual states the ability to regulate their own drinking water standards, as long as they meet the EPA’s minimum requirements for contaminants (5).

Summary: There are many ways to purify your drinking water, including charcoal filters, UV light filtration systems and reverse osmosis systems.

Summary: Though consuming tap water is safe in countries where drinking water is regulated, water purification may be necessary in areas where water contamination is an issue.

Summary: Distilled water is a type of purified water that is essentially free from contaminants. The distillation process removes fluoride and natural minerals found in drinking water.

Excessive fluoride levels can be toxic to both brain and nerve cells, and long-term exposure to high levels of fluoride has been linked to learning, memory and cognitive deficits (12).

Though drinking distilled water is not as common as drinking other types of purified water, some people choose to drink it because it is free of contaminants.

No matter what type of filter you choose, be sure to look for brands with certifications from regulatory agencies like the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and NSF International.

These filtration systems attach to the faucet or sit under the sink and also come in free-standing water pitchers with built-in filters like the popular Brita water filter.